Comparison Operators

version 11.1 (Modified)

The tables in this section show the comparison operators as they apply to string, numeric, date, time, and pointer expressions. An expression that uses a comparison operator returns a Boolean value, either TRUE or FALSE.

Important: Additional information about string comparisons are provided at the end of this section.

Numeric Comparisons

Time Comparisons

With:

      ` vPtrA and vPtrB point to the same object
   vPtrA:=->anObject
   vPtrB:=->anObject
      ` vPtrC points to another object
   vPtrC:=->anotherObject

• Strings are compared on a character-by-character basis (except in the case of searching by keywords, see below).

• When strings are compared, the case of the characters is ignored; thus, "a"="A" returns TRUE. To test if the case of two characters is different, compare their character codes. For example, the following expression returns FALSE:

   Character code("A") = Character code("a") ` because 65 is not equal to 97

• When strings are compared, diacritical characters are compared using the system character comparison table of your computer. For example, the following expressions return TRUE:

   "n" = "ñ"
   "n" = "Ñ"
   "A"="å"
      ` and so on

• Unlike other string comparisons, searching by keywords looks for "words" in "texts": words are considered both individually and as a whole. The % operator always returns False if the query concerns several words or only part of a word (for example, a syllable). The "words" are character strings surrounded by "separators," which are spaces and punctuation characters and dashes. An apostrophe, like in "Today's" is considered as part of the word. Numbers can be searched for because they are evaluated as a whole (including decimal symbols). Other symbols (currency, temperature, and so on) will be ignored.

   "Alpha Bravo Charlie" % "Bravo" ` Returns True
   "Alpha Bravo Charlie" % "vo" ` Returns False
   "Alpha Bravo Charlie" % "Alpha Bravo" ` Returns False
   "Alpha,Bravo,Charlie" % "Alpha" ` Returns True
   "Software and Computers" % "comput@" ` Returns True

Note: For more information about the rules concerning how keywords are taken into account, please refer to the following address: http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr29/#Word_Boundaries.

• The wildcard character (@) can be used in any string comparison to match any number of characters. For example, the following expression is TRUE:

   "abcdefghij" = "abc@" 

The wildcard character must be used within the second operand (the string on the right side) in order to match any number of characters. The following expression is FALSE, because the @ is considered only as a one character in the first operand:

   "abc@" = "abcdefghij"

The wildcard means "one or more characters or nothing". The following expressions are TRUE:

   "abcdefghij" = "abcdefghij@"
   "abcdefghij" = "@abcdefghij"
   "abcdefghij" = "abcd@efghij"
   "abcdefghij" = "@abcdefghij@"
   "abcdefghij" = "@abcde@fghij@"

On the other hand, whatever the case, a string comparison with two consecutive wildcards will always return FALSE. The following expression is FALSE:

   "abcdefghij" = "abc@@fg" 

When the comparison operator is or contains a < or > symbol, only comparison with a single wildcard located at the end of the operand is supported:

   "abcd" <= "abc@" `Valid comparison
   "abcd" <= "abc@ef" `Not a valid comparison

If you want to execute comparisons or queries using @ as a character (and not as a wildcard), you have two options:

• Use the Character code (At sign) instruction.

Imagine, for example, that you want to know if a string ends with the @ character.

- the following expression (if $vsValue is not empty) is always TRUE:

   ($vsValue[[Length($vsValue)]]="@")

- the following expression will be evaluated correctly:

   (Character code($vsValue[[Length($vsValue)]])#64)

• Use the "Consider @ as a character for Query and Order By" option which can be accessed using the Preferences dialog box.

This option lets you define how the @ character is interpreted when it is included in a character string. As such, it can influence how comparison operators are used in Query or Order By. For more information, refer to the 4D Design Reference manual.

Bitwise Operators, Date Operators, Logical Operators, Numeric Operators, Operators, Picture Operators, Time Operators.